File Handling

Python - A Quick Start for existing Programers

2 min read

Published Sep 16 2025, updated Aug 17 2026

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Python

Python allows you to read from, write to, and manipulate files easily using built-in functions.

  • Open a file → open(filename, mode)
  • Read → read(), readline(), readlines()
  • Write / Append → write(), writelines()
  • Always close files → f.close() or with statement
  • Binary vs text → 'b' mode for non-text files
  • File management → os module functions



Opening Files

file = open("filename.txt", mode)

Modes:

Mode

Description

'r'

Read (default). File must exist.

'w'

Write. Creates a new file or overwrites.

'a'

Append. Adds content to the end of file.

'x'

Exclusive creation. Fails if file exists.

'b'

Binary mode (e.g., 'rb', 'wb').

't'

Text mode (default, can be omitted).

'+'

Update (read and write, e.g., 'r+').




Reading from Files

f = open("example.txt", "r")​# Read entire contentcontent = f.read()​# Read line by linefor line in f:    print(line.strip())​# Read a single lineline = f.readline()​# Read all lines as a listlines = f.readlines()​f.close()




Writing to Files

# Write (overwrites)f = open("example.txt", "w")f.write("Hello World\n")f.writelines(["Line 1\n", "Line 2\n"])f.close()​# Append (adds to the end)f = open("example.txt", "a")f.write("New line at the end\n")f.close()




Using with Statement (Recommended)

  • Automatically closes the file, even if an error occurs.
with open("example.txt", "r") as f:    content = f.read()​with open("example.txt", "a") as f:    f.write("Appending safely!\n")




Binary Files

  • Open with 'rb' or 'wb'.
  • Useful for images, audio, or any non-text data.
with open("image.png", "rb") as f:    data = f.read()​with open("copy.png", "wb") as f:    f.write(data)




Other Useful File Operations

import os​# Check if file existsos.path.exists("example.txt")​# Delete a fileos.remove("example.txt")​# Rename a fileos.rename("old.txt", "new.txt")​# Get file sizeos.path.getsize("example.txt")




Using the csv module

  • csv.reader → reads rows as lists.
  • You may need to handle headers manually (next(reader) to skip).
import csv​# Reading a CSV filewith open("data.csv", "r", newline="") as f:    reader = csv.reader(f)    for row in reader:        print(row)          # Each row is a list of strings




Reading csv with Headers (DictReader)

  • DictReader automatically uses the first row as field names.
  • Easier if you want to access by column name instead of index.
import csv​with open("data.csv", "r", newline="") as f:    reader = csv.DictReader(f)    for row in reader:        print(row)          # Each row is a dict: {"column": "value"}




Writing CSV Files

import csv​# Writing rowsrows = [    ["Name", "Age", "City"],    ["Alice", 30, "London"],    ["Bob", 25, "New York"]]​with open("output.csv", "w", newline="") as f:    writer = csv.writer(f)    writer.writerows(rows)




Writing CSV files with Dicts

with open("output.csv", "w", newline="") as f:    fieldnames = ["Name", "Age", "City"]    writer = csv.DictWriter(f, fieldnames=fieldnames)​    writer.writeheader()    writer.writerow({"Name": "Alice", "Age": 30, "City": "London"})    writer.writerow({"Name": "Bob", "Age": 25, "City": "New York"})
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